Fateful Alliance, The: German Conservatives and Nazis in 1933: The <I>Machtergreifung<I> in a New Light by Beck Hermann

Author:Beck, Hermann [Beck, Hermann]
Language: eng
Format: epub
Publisher: Berghahn Books
Published: 2011-01-15T00:00:00+00:00

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1. 10 March 1933 at BA Berlin-Lichterfelde, “Stellvertreter der Reichskanzlei, Kanzlei von Papen,” Rep. 53, no. 71, 115.

2. On social change after 1933, see Wehler, Deutsche Gesellschaftsgeschichte, vol. IV, 771–781; Dieter Ziegler, ed., Großbürger und Unternehmer (Göttingen, 2000); Tim Mason, Social Policy in the Third Reich (Oxford and New York, 1993); Thomas Saunders, “Nazism and Social Revolution,” in Gordon Martel, ed., Modern Germany Reconsidered, 1870–1945 (London and New York, 1992), 159–178; Jeremy Noakes, “Nazism and Revolution,” in Noel O'Sullivan, ed., Revolutionary Theory and Political Reality (London, 1983), 73–100; David Schoenbaum, Hitler's Social Revolution. Class and Status in Nazi Germany, 1933–1939, 2nd ed. (New York and London, 1980).

3. Between 1929 and 1933 the gross national product fell on average 7.2 percent per annum; over the twelve-year period from 1913 to 1925 it had decreased slightly by 0.4 percent p.a. Between 1928 and 1932 national income had fallen sharply from 75.373 million Reichsmark to 45.175 million Reichsmark and the unemployment rate (1932) stood at 29.9 percent. See Dieter Petzina, Werner Abelshauser, and Anselm Faust, Sozialgeschichtliches Arbeitsbuch III. Materialien zur Statistik des Deutschen Reiches 1914–1945 (Munich, 1978), 78, 102, 119.

4. Amrei Stupperich, Volksgemeinschaft oder Arbeitersolidarität. Studien zur Arbeitnehmerpolitik der Deutschnationalen Volkspartei, 1918–1933 (Göttingen, 1982).

5. Peter Longerich, Geschichte der SA (Munich, 1989); Richard Bessel, Political Violence and the Rise of Nazism; Conan Fischer, Stormtroopers; Hilde Jamin, Zwischen den Klassen. Zur Sozialstruktur der SA-Führerschaft; Michael Kater, “Zum gegenseitigen Verhältnis von SA und SS in der Sozialgeschichte des Nationalsozialismus von 1925 bis 1939,” Vierteljahresschrift für Sozial-und Wirtschaftsgeschichte 62 (1975), 339–379. Yet beginning in 1932, parts of the upper middle classes in the wealthier suburbs of Germany's larger cities increasingly voted for Hitler, as Richard F. Hamilton, Who Voted for Hitler? (Princeton, 1982), points out.

6. In particular among higher echelons of the bureaucracy. By the mid 1930s the social composition of the NSDAP had undergone a profound change since professionals and members of the civil service had joined the party in large numbers (especially between February and 1 May 1933).

7. Of central importance in the three-tiered German school system was the Abitur (which required nine years of Gymnasium) as a prerequisite for admission to university studies. The different classes of the German civil service were structured according to education: for entry into the höhere Dienst of the civil service, a completed course of study at a German university was indispensable.

8. Johannes Popitz (1884–1945), a high-level administrator, had worked since 1919 in the Reich Finance Ministry, where he became Ministerial Councilor (Ministerialrat) in 1921. In Schleicher's Cabinet he was Minister without portfolio and provisionary head of the Prussian Ministry of Finance; on 21 April 1933 he was officially appointed Prussian Minister of Finance. The resignation from this post, which he submitted in 1938, was not accepted since, as a leading specialist in financial matters, he was considered indispensable. He later became active as a member of the opposition against Hitler.

9. 9 March 1933 at BA Berlin-Lichterfelde, “Reichskanzlei, NSDAP,” R 43 II, no. 1195, 136.

10. Ibid., 136.

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